Authors:
Saly Jaber, K. Pradeep, Mohammad Ayaz Ahmad, P. Banupriya

Addresses:
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Dhaanish Ahmed College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Department of Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, University of Guyana, Turkeyen, Demerara-Mahaica, Guyana. Department of Chemistry, Dhaanish Ahmed College of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract:

The paper discusses the nature of Degussa P25 titanium dioxide nanoparticles with respect to their temperature stability and phase conversion under various annealing conditions. Titanium dioxide remains one of the pillars of photocatalysis, hydrogen evolution, and solar energy conversion due to its unique electronic properties. The research issue concerns how systematic heating alters the material's fundamental building components. To trace temperature variation, a total of 320 observations with varying structural and morphological features were collected to form a complete dataset. Some of the high-precision characterization methods used in the analytical included powder X-ray diffraction to identify phases, scanning electron microscopy to determine surface topography, and transmission electron microscopy to determine the structural boundaries between internal grains. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed to monitor alterations in the chemical state. The findings demonstrate that P25, despite being a by-product of the anatase and rutile phases, has a highly exposed crystalline surface area and a high heat capacity. The evidence shows that 500 degrees Celsius is the optimal annealing temperature, as it provides clarity in the crystalline morphology and particle shape. This paper provides a stepwise instructional approach that material scientists may use to alter the physical characteristics of titanium dioxide, enabling its application in energy conversion with high efficiency by carefully tuned thermal processing conditions.

Keywords: Titanium Dioxide; Thermal Annealing; Phase Transformation; X-ray Diffraction; Thermal Exposure; Renewable Energy; Environmental Remediation; Light-Harvesting Properties.

Received on: 13/08/2024, Revised on: 02/11/2024, Accepted on: 19/03/2025, Published on: 07/05/2026

DOI: 10.69888/FTSASS.2026.000646

FMDB Transactions on Sustainable Applied Sciences, 2026 Vol. 3 No. 1, Pages: 15-24

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