Authors:
T. Kanimozhi, S. Belina V. J. Sara

Addresses:
Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Department of Computer Applications, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract:

In the current era, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become an essential technology for interlinking physical devices with the Internet. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are often employed to monitor large-scale, diverse environments. However, the constrained energy supply of IoT-WSN sensor nodes creates substantial challenges to sustaining network operations. Clustering schemes offer a practical solution for optimising energy consumption and prolonging network lifespan. Nevertheless, IoT-WSN data collection often suffers from congestion, which leads to packet loss, reduced reliability, and degraded throughput. The Congestion Trust-Aware Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing (CTAEECR) protocol promises to improve network trust management, congestion control, energy efficiency, and lifespan. The network region is hierarchically split into clusters using Weighted Possibilistic Fuzzy C-Means (WPFCM) during setup to reduce packet overhead. Each cluster's Main Cluster Head (MCH) and optional Secondary Cluster Head (SCH) rotate between nodes to balance energy consumption during data transmission. The Oppositional Puffer Fish Optimisation Algorithm (OPOA) optimises cluster head selection and rotation using pufferfish defenses and predator–prey interactions. Exponential-decay Trust-aware routing employs DWIQL. Traffic-based routing takes packets off busy paths. The protocol manages data and congestion for reliable communication. MATLABR2021b contrasts CTAEECR and clustering-based routing. Performance measures include throughput, average energy use, latency, network longevity, PDR, and PLR. Simulations demonstrate CTAEECR surpasses benchmark protocols in efficiency, reliability, and network sustainability.

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT); Main Cluster Head; Packet Loss Ratio; Secondary Cluster Head; Energy Efficient Clustering; Packet Delivery Ratio; Direct Trust; Indirect Trust.

Received on: 28/02/2025, Revised on: 07/05/2025, Accepted on: 17/07/2025, Published on: 03/01/2026

DOI: 10.69888/FTSIN.2026.000603

FMDB Transactions on Sustainable Intelligent Networks, 2026 Vol. 3 No. 1, Pages: 26–44

• Views : 77
• Downloads : 15

Download PDF