Authors:
Swakantik Mishra, Mohammad Ahmad

Addresses:
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, England, United Kingdom.

Abstract:

This study examines the harmful consequences of Current Transformer (CT) saturation in bus-zone protection systems in contemporary power transmission systems. This paper focuses on the major issue of high-magnitude fault currents, which can cause core saturation, secondary current distortion, and possible relay maloperation. In analysing these phenomena, the study uses a comprehensive dataset of 356 unique faults, including different fault types, angles of inception, and levels of remanence. The main instruments used to carry out simulation-based work comprise advanced electromagnetic transient analysis programs and mathematical relay modelling tools. These findings indicate that saturation can significantly reduce the reliability of differential protection, potentially leading to catastrophic equipment failure unless countermeasures are taken. By analysing various compensation algorithms, this paper provides insights into improving the security of bus-zone protection systems. The results emphasise the importance of saturation-detection logic for distinguishing between internal and external faults that cause Current Transformer (CT) saturation.

Keywords: Current Transformer (CT); Core Saturation; Power Transmission; Compensation Algorithms; Primary Tools; Internal Faults; Electromagnetic Transient; Comprehensive Dataset.

Received on: 05/05/2025, Revised on: 16/07/2025, Accepted on: 14/09/2025, Published on: 05/06/2026

DOI: 10.69888/FTSIN.2026.000707

FMDB Transactions on Sustainable Intelligent Networks, 2026 Vol. 3 No. 2, Pages: 113-123

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